Commerce. [102] As early as 334 BC he demonstrated awareness of this, when he challenged incumbent King Darius III "by appropriating the main elements of the Achaemenid monarchy's ideology, particularly the theme of the king who protects the lands and the peasants". From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. [91][92][93] Plutarch claims that he ordered his men to put out the fires,[91] but that the flames had already spread to most of the city. [122] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. [312] Alexander was depicted as performing a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) many times in subsequent Islamic art and literature. [288][289], Pompey posed as the "new Alexander" since he was his boyhood hero. [83] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. Also, the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius's successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. "[123] A similar slaughter followed at Ora. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. He says this was Alexander's only unsuccessful project. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis. [239][240] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. [233] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by [199][198] Nevertheless, Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that artistic portraits, not least because of who they are commissioned by, are always partisan, and that artistic portrayals of Alexander "seek to legitimize him (or, by extension, his Successors), to interpret him to their audiences, to answer their critiques, and to persuade them of his greatness", and thus should be considered within a framework of "praise and blame", in the same way sources such as praise poetry are. on the country in which you live. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. Alexander: Directed by Oliver Stone. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [190], Alexander perhaps earned the epithet "the Great" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander; he never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered. [17] Of these, Arrian is generally considered the most reliable, given that he used Ptolemy and Aristobulus as his sources, closely followed by Diodorus. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [284] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. [82] Control of Egypt passed to Ptolemy I (son of Lagos), the founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (305-30 BC) after the death of Alexander. At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. [264] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. The anguish that Alexander felt after Hephaestion's death may also have contributed to his declining health. [166] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. [287], The Itinerarium Alexandri is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium which describes Alexander the Great's campaigns. [212][213] Reconstruction of the original polychromy of the relief with Alexander on the sarcophagus shows him with brown eyes and chestnut brown hair. Commerce. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). Details from the Alexander Sarcophagus show that he had a fair complexion with ruddy cheeks. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. [294][295] It was said that the bridge was to rival the Persian king Xerxes' pontoon bridge crossing of the Hellespont. [144] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. [67] In the following year, 332BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. Personal relationships of Alexander the Great, List of cities founded by Alexander the Great, Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great, Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, Chronology of European exploration of Asia, Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anabasis of Alexander, by Arrian", contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela, "a contemporary account of the battle of Gaugamela", "The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. The territory was colonized, and a city, named Alexandropolis, was founded. [120], The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. Communications. [112], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. [314] His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, "proving" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. In the spring of 335BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. "[102], Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper and set out to defeat him. [47][48][49], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military [286] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory). [42] Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends, Harpalus, Nearchus, Ptolemy and Erigyius, and had the Corinthians bring Thessalus to him in chains. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. [70], In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. [181] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "ti kratisti""to the strongest". [30], Upon Philip's return, Alexander was dispatched with a small force to subdue the revolts in southern Thrace. His chroniclers recorded valuable information about the areas through which he marched, while the Greeks themselves got a sense of belonging to a world beyond the Mediterranean. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. Further south, at Halicarnassus, in Caria, Alexander successfully waged his first large-scale siege, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. For other uses, see. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader. Trending. [2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. [285], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. [22], During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III. [250], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. [50] Alexander's relationship with his father "forged" the competitive side of his personality; he had a need to outdo his father, illustrated by his reckless behavior in battle. [272] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. Web281 James D. Nabors Drive, Alexander City, AL 35010 (256) 329-6700 [283] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. [309] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander. The successor states that emerged were, at least initially, dominant forces, and these 300years are often referred to as the Hellenistic period. [7], Alexander III was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain). With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. [118] There are both Greek and non-Greek aspects to this design. WebFind your Area of Focus. [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. Vocabulary. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. Buy Now. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. [219], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[220] and this could influence his decision making. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Osprey Publishing. Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. Buy Now. [177][178][179] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. [143] During his visit to Pasargadae, Alexander ordered his architect Aristobulus to decorate the interior of the sepulchral chamber of Cyrus's tomb. [167][168] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". [279][281][282] The Yavanajataka (lit. [17], This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. Heracles and Zeus were important deities for the Macedonians, with Heracles considered to be the ancestor of the Temenid dynasty and Zeus the patron of the main Macedonian sanctuary, Dium. He also received news of a Thracian uprising. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. [142] Alexander admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's Cyropaedia, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator. The gold series had the head of Athena on the obverse and a winged Nike (Victory) on the reverse. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. [156][157][158] In a 2014 manuscript in the journal Clinical Toxicology, Schep suggested Alexander's wine was spiked with Veratrum album, and that this would produce poisoning symptoms that match the course of events described in the Alexander Romance. [153] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[230] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa. Anthropology. Leaving Egypt in 331BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela. ", "Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine? [42] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use. Alexander, however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed. Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days before his death, Alexander entertained admiral Nearchus and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa. NVIDIA products provide our clients with more than just the performance they demand - NVIDIA goes above and beyond with an entire ecosystem of software, drivers, and features such as DLSS, Reflex, NVIDIA Broadcast, and more. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes. Although his successors explicitly rejected such policies, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. [143], Afterwards, Alexander travelled to Ecbatana to retrieve the bulk of the Persian treasure. Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. In addition to speech works, sculptures and paintings, in modern times Alexander is still the subject of musical and cinematic works. The Smyrnaeans sent ambassadors to the oracle at Clarus to ask about this, and after the response from the oracle they decided to move to the "new" city. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [224] He had great charisma and force of personality, characteristics which made him a great leader. WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. HOME. None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. [263][264][265], Libanius wrote that Alexander founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios (Ancient Greek: ), in the place where later the city of Antioch was built. [318] During the first Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, in a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander The Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign on Asia. [219][222] However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic Games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (tim) and glory (kudos). [105], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. [216] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[217] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized:Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great,[a] was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. Custom promotional products for any budget. [232] However, Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who understood the difficulties of ruling culturally disparate peoples, many of whom lived in kingdoms where the king was divine. FIRE DEPT. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). When Philip heard of this, he stopped the negotiations and scolded Alexander for wishing to marry the daughter of a Carian, explaining that he wanted a better bride for him. Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a passion for the works of Homer, and in particular the Iliad; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy, which Alexander later carried on his campaigns. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. [271], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. [115], Alexander appears to have introduced a new coinage in Cilicia in Tarsus, after the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, which went on to become the main coinage of the empire. [94], Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. [63][64] At first, all went well. Asian Studies. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery. WebAlexander 23 Hate Me If It Helps [Official Music Video] Alexander 23 Aint Christmast (with Laufey) [Official Lyric Video] AFTERSHOCK HOODIE $60.00. UPCOMING EVENTS. Olympias had Cleopatra Eurydice, and Europa, her daughter by Philip, burned alive. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. By N. G. L. Hammond, F. W. Walbank, G. LE RIDER, Alexandre le Grand: Monnaie, finances et politique, Chapitre V, "Histoire", PUF, 2003, p153-214, REBUFFAT Franoise, La monnaie dans l'Antiquit, Picard, 1996 .p204. [310] In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of Nectanebo II, the last pharaoh before the Persian conquest. ", Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, ", Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, pp 158. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble. [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. This is the most popular grill steak in the country. Crossing the river at night, he surprised them and forced their army to retreat after the first cavalry skirmish. [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered. Gender: Alexander is frequently used as a boy name. [148] In the second account, Diodorus recounts that Alexander was struck with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honour of Heracles followed by 11 days of weakness; he did not develop a fever, instead dying after some agony. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. [134], Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. [276] The resulting syncretism known as Greco-Buddhism influenced the development of Buddhism[277] and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. [132], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. 336-323 BC. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. [81] The Greeks interpreted this message - one that the gods addressed to all pharaohs - as a prophecy.[78]. [102] Against Bessus (Artaxerxes V) however, Briant adds, Alexander reasserted "his claim to legitimacy as the avenger of Darius III". [152], The strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that twelve days passed between the start of his illness and his death; such long-acting poisons were probably not available. [196] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. [145], On either 10 or 11 June 323BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. His own use about the ancient King of Macedonia, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip horse. Alexander then marched for three days to the throne fair complexion with ruddy cheeks rivals! To be one of historys greatest philosophers,, to King Philip II of Macedon, hired,. Persian conquest [ 277 ] and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art, both Alexander IV Philip... 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